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Edible And Harmful Plants |
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Edible And Harmful Plants
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There Is A Mistaken Belief That All Animals Know What Is And Is Not Safe To Eat. This Is A Serious - And Potentially Fatal - Mistake When You Are Talking About An Animal Who Has Been Removed From His Native Habitat.
An Animal In Its Native Environment Knows What It Can And Cannot Eat. If It Makes A Mistake And Becomes Ill, It Will Not Eat That Plant Again. If It Eats A Plant That Kills It, Well, It Clearly Won't Be Eating It Again! The Fact That The Leading Cause Of Death In The Wild Is Not From Eating Toxic Foods Indicates That Animals Either Learn Their Lessons Well By Observing Older Conspecifics Or By Being Born Or Hatched With A Sort Of Genetic Field Guide To Edible Plants.
Once You Remove An Animal From Its Environment, However, That Field Guide And Learned Avoidance Becomes Useless. Instead, The Animal Will Pretty Much Try To Eat Anything That Resembles What It Is Programmed (learned Or Instinct) To Eat. Hence, Toxic Plants Such As Azaleas And Oleanders Look Like A Terrific Snack For A Hungry Or Curious Iguana Or Tortoise.
If You Are Thinking About Furnishing A Tank With Plants, Or Are Considering Letting Any Of Your Herbivores Or Omnivores Free-roam In Your House Or In An Outdoor Enclosure, You Need To Assure That The Plants In Those Areas Are Not Toxic.
The Toxic Chemicals Of Plants Are Passed To An Animal In One Of Two Ways - By Ingestion Of Plant Material Or By Superficial Physical Contact With A Plant. If Anyone Has Ever Had Poison Oak Or Ivy, They Are Quite Familiar With This Latter Method Of Transmission. Some Plants Are Completely Toxic; Others Have Only Certain Parts That Are Toxic, Such As The Leaves, Or Flowers. Some Plants Contain Toxins Strong Enough To Kill The Animal, Others Will Make Them Seriously Ill And May Lead To Death. Others May Just Make Them Wish They Were Dead. Still Others May Cause Injury In Other Ways, Such As Lacerating Or Causing Puncture Wounds To The Body, Eyes, Mouth; Ulcers, Lesions And Abscesses On The Skin; And Intestinal Impaction From Indigestible Plant Parts. Still Others May Contain Compounds That May Interfere With The Body's Ability To Metabolize Certain Nutrients.
Please Note...
As Indicated Above, Some Plants May Not Kill Or Cause Overt Harm Or Mechanical Injury, But May Contain Compounds (phytates) That Can Interfere With Nutritent Uptake. Examples Include Bok Choi, Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Kale, And Soy, Which Contain Goitrogenic Compounds (which Bind Iodine, Preventing Its Uptake, Thus Leading To Impairment Of Thyroid Gland Funtion, Leading To A Host Of Metabolic Problems), And Plants Like Spinach, Parsley And Chards, Which Contain Calcium Oxalate, Which Interferes With Calcium Uptake And Can Cause The Mineralization (hardening, Crystalization) Of Organs And Muscle Tissue.
Some Of The Plants On The Poisonous Plants Listing Are Regularly Seen On Recommended Foods Lists For Herbivores And Omnivores.
Does This Mean You Should Stop Feeding Them? No. It Does Mean That You Need To Make Sure To Alternate These Plants With Others Known To Be Safely Edible To Ensure That Your Reptile Is Not Getting Significant Amounts Of The Problematic Phytates.
Does This Mean That You Can Then Feed, Or Not Worry About, Your Reptile Eating Other Plants On This List? No. While An Iguana May Get Away With Eating A Bite Or Two Of Poinsettia, It Won't Get Away With Eating A Similar Amount Of Azalea. The Rule Of Thumb I Follow Is: If It Isn't On A Recommended Food List I Trust, I Will Not Be Feeding It, Nor Will I Allow My Reptiles Access To It.
Those Of Us With Part- Or Full-time Free Roamers Face Special Problems. No Matter How Closely We Watch Our Reptiles When They Are Out, We Can't Watch Them 24 Hours A Day, Seven Days A Week. Your Iguana May Ignore That English Ivy Or Creeping Charlie Or Rubber Plant For Years, But That Doesn't Mean That Some Day, When He Is Feeling A Bit Bored, Or Peckish, Or Is Just Ticked Off At You For Going Away On Vacation, He Won't Try A Leaf Or Two. And That May Be All It Takes For You To End Up With One Less Iguana.
I Used To Have Some Bonzai I Was Working On, As Well As Some Pots Of Pothos And Wandering Jew. Well, Despite The Fact That The Wandering Jew (zebrina Spp.) Was A Plant My Iguanas Could Safely Eat, Did They Try To Eat It? Of Course Not. They Went For The Pothos And The Bonzais. The Pothos Were Also Safe To Eat In Small Quantities, But Not The Species I Was Bonzia'ing. I Finally Realized That It Was Best If I Didn't Keep Any Plants In Any Room That Was Not Closed Off To The Iguanas. Since They Have The Run Of The House, That Means No Plants. Even Closing A Room Off Isn't A Guarantee. Family And Guests Sometimes Forget To Close Doors, And I Know At Least One Person Whose Iguana Managed To Get, Unnoticed, Into A "closed" Room And Ingest Part Of A Poinsettia Before Being Discovered.
Quick Index
Harmful Plants
After Ingesting Harmful Plants
Edible Plants
Identifying Plants
Harmful Plants
The Most Extensive List Of Poisonous Plants That I Have Found Is In Sue Barnard's Book Reptile Keeper's Handbook (barnard, S. M. (1996.) Reptile Keeper's Handbook. Krieger Publishing Company, Kreiger Drive, Malabar, Fl. Pp. 167-184. Isbn 089464-933-7). Permission To Reprint The Plant Appendixes Has Been Graciously Provided To Me By Sue Barnard And Krieger Publishing.
Appendix Ix, Poisonous Plants, Has Been Divided Up Into Smaller Files To Reduce The Time Needed To Upload To Your Screen. Appendix X, Plants Causing Mechanical Injury, Is Contained In One File. Both Appendixes Are In Alphabetical Order By Both The Scientific Name And Common Name.
Appendix Ix: Poisonous Plants A-e F-j K-o P-t U-z
Appendix X: Plants Causing Mechanical Injury
I Have Also Started Compiling A Separate List Of Toxic And Harmful Plants. This Is Not As Well Documented - The Plants Were Found In A Variety Of Sources Or The Reports Of Toxicity Are Anecdotal.
Edible Plants
I Have Also Been Compiling A List Of Edible Plants. Some Are Houseplants And Other Ornamental Plants, Others Are What Most People Would Consider To Be Weeds.
One Source For Identifying Weeds And Finding Out If They Are Safe Or Not Is To Get One Of The Many Field Guides To Edible Plants Such As Thomas S. Elias And Peter A. Dykeman's Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide (sterling Publishing Co., Inc., New York, Ny. 266 P. Isbn 0-8069-7488-5). Other Resources Are Discussed Below.
After Ingestion...
If Your Reptile Does Ingest Something It Should Not Have, Watch It Carefully For Signs Of Distress. Signs Will Include Respiratory Changes (rate Of Breathing Increases Or Decreases, Breaths Become Shallower Or Deeper, Breathing Becomes Labored Or Difficult), Increased Salivation, Dry Heaves, Vomiting, Lethargy, Increased Activity, Rubbing Mouth On Ground Or Other Surfaces, Scratching At Face Or Mouth, Diarrhea Or Other Alteration Of Feces. Don't Wait To See If The Signs Will Abate - Call (or Have Someone Call) Your Regular Reptile Vet Or Emergency Reptile Vet (have These Numbers And Locations On Hand Before You Need Them) And Let Them Know What The Animal Ate, What The Signs Are, And That You Are On Your Way. Regular Poison Control Hotlines May Be Useful, But Their Experience And Expertise Is Mostly With Humans, Dogs And Cats. The National Animal Poison Control Center May Also Be Able To Offer Information, But In A Potential Emergency, Time Is Of The Essence And You Should Get Your Reptile To A Vet Who Can Institute Antidote And Supportive Therapy As Quickly As Possible.
If There Are No Signs, Continue To Observe For 24-48 Hours. You May Wish To Contact Your Vet The Next Business Day Even If There Are Still No Signs In Case There Is Anything She Or He Wants You Do To.
Finding Help With Plant Identification
If You Cannot Identify Plants From Gardening And Houseplant Books, Nor From Field Guides To Wild Plants, Take Cuttings Or Photos (clear Color Photos Including Close-ups Of Leaves And Branches, As Well As A Distance Shot Showing The Entire Plant) To A Plant Nursery (a Real Nursery, Not The Plant Section In The Supermarket, Wal-mart Or Target, Etc.) Check Your Public Library's Community Organizations Listing, Or With The Reference Librarian Him- Or Herself, For Information On A Local Horticultural Society And Contact The Society To Find Someone Who Can Help You Identify A Plant. Needless To Say, Plant Identification Is Something That Should Be Done Before Exposing Your Pets To A Plant, Not After The Plant Has Been Ingested And You Are Trying To Find Out If It Will Kill Your Pet Or Not!
Other Useful Plant Websites
The Following Sites (this Is A List-in-progress) May Be Useful To People Looking For Additional Information On Plants. It Should Be Noted That The Information At These Sites Is Not Necessarily Applicable To Your Reptiles.
• The Usda's Searchable Nutrient Database Lists The Basics - Water, Kcal, Protein, Fat, Carbs, Vitamins, And Minerals For Plant Foods. The Listings Are Only For Foods Commonly Eaten By Humans (so You Will Not Find Things Like Hibiscus Flowers On It) And Does Not Include Information On Potentially Harmful Chemicals/compounds Such As Calcium Oxalates.
• Wegeman's Produce Also Has A Site With Information And Pictures Of Many Of The Things You Are Likely To Find In Your Grocer's Produce Section (or Would, If You Asked Them To Stock It).
• The Gatherer Searches Several Plant-related Databases, Returning The Results For All Of Them. There Is Some Amazing Information To Be Found Here!
• Plants For A Future Is A Listing Of Edible And Otherwise Usable Plants.
• I've Not Fully Explored This Site But It Does Seem To Have Pictures Of The Plants And Is Accessed By Common Or Scientific Name. It Is Part Of The University Of Illinois' Toxic Plants For Animals Database For Its Veterinary Students. The U Of I Is Where The National Animal Poison Control Center (napcc) Is Located. The University Of California, Davis, Also Has An Extensive Site Of Safe And Toxic Plants (be Srue To Scroll Down To The Bottom Of Their Page For The Link To The Toxic Database). Be Sure To Also Check Out The Usda Center For Food Safety And Nutrition's Poisonous Plant Database
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