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Fiscal Policy

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Fiscal Policy
In An Earlier Article, Monetary Policy Was Identified As One Of The Tools That A National Government Uses To Influence Its Domestic Economy. The Second Tool Available To Government (and One That Is Used By All Levels Of Government) Is Fiscal Policy. The Term Fiscal Policy Refers To The Expenditure A Government Undertakes To Provide Goods And Services And To The Way In Which The Government Finances These Expenditures.
There Are Two Methods Of Financing: Taxation And Borrowing. Taxation Takes Many Forms In The Developed Countries Including Taxation Of Personal And Corporate Income, So-called Value Added Taxation And The Collection Of Royalties Or Taxes On Specific Sets Of Goods. The Debt Burden Assumed By The Government Is Itself An Important Policy Variable And One That Has Implications For The Conduct Of Monetary Policy. Governments In Democratic Societies Act On Many Different, Occasionally Conflicting Objectives. They May Want To Smooth Out The Nation's Income In Order To Minimize The Pejorative Effects Of The Business Cycle Or They May Want To Take Steps Designed To Increase The National Income. They May Also Want To Take Steps Intended To Achieve Specific Social Objectives Deemed To Be Appropriate By The Political Or Legal Process.
Levels Of Government
In A Democratic System, There Are Two Ways To Organize A Government: A Unitary System And A Federal System.
Canada Is An Excellent Example Of A Federal System Of Government In Which There Is One Central Or Federal Government And There Are Ten Provincial Governments. Underneath The Provincial Governments, There Is A Patchwork Of Local Government.
The United Kingdom Is An Example Of A Unitary System In Which There Is Effectively One Central Government With No Provincial Governments. There Are, Of Course, Local Governments.
In A Federal System, Both The Federal And Provincial Governments Conduct Fiscal Policy. The Constitution Delineates Areas Of Responsibility For The Two Levels Of Government And The Supreme Court Interprets The Actions Of The Different Levels Of Government In Light Of The Constitution And Other Legal Precedent To Enforce The Policy Distinctions Between The Two Levels Of Government. For Example, In Canada, National Defence Is A Wholly Federal Responsibility While Education Is A Completely Provincial Domain.
However, Different Levels Of Government Can Find Ways Of Participating In Areas Outside Of Their Purview. In The Past, The Federal Government Has Given Funds To The Provinces Targeting Their Spending On Education In The Form Of Grants To Subsidize University Education.
In Canada, One Can Access The Federal Government Budget Online (http://www.fin.gc.ca/budget97/facte/fiscfte.html). From The 1997 Budget, We Can See The Following:
* Federal Program Spending Was Budgeted To Be C$103.5 Billion Or Roughly 12% Of Canadian Annual Gross Domestic Product. Program Spending Includes All Expenditures On Federal Areas Of Responsibility Including National Defence, External Affairs, The Rcmp, Fisheries Subsidization, Regulation, The Administration Of The Tax Regime, Etc. Program Spending Also Includes Transfers Made To The Provincial Governments.
* The Operating Balance Is The Difference Between Program Spending And Budgetary Revenues (i.e. Taxation, Royalties, Customs Tariffs). For 1998-1999, This Was Estimated To Be A Surplus Of Roughly 5% Of Canadian Annual Gdp. A Surplus Refers To An Excess Of Revenues Over Outlays.
* The Federal Government Was Still In Overall Deficit Because Of Interest Payments On The Stock Of Outstanding Debt. Every Year That The Federal Government Has Run An Overall Deficit, They Have Added To The Mountain Of Debt Payable By The People Of Canada. In 1997, The Total Government Deficit Was Forecast To Be C$17 Billion.
The Provincial Governments Also Have Their Financial Results And Forecasts Accessible Over The Internet. For Example, Ontarios Budget (http://www.gov.on.ca/fin/english/budeng.htm) Projected A Government Deficit For 1998 Of C$5.2 Billion. This Included Tax Cuts.

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